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[back to top]
ablation - elimination or removal. Ablation also refers to a
procedure that eliminates extra electrical pathways within the heart that
cause fast or irregular heart rhythms.
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor - A medication
that opens up blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood
forward to the body; also used to lower blood pressure.
acute - severe; sharp; begins quickly.
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) - a rapidly progressing cancer
of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) lymphocytes, a
type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow, blood, spleen,
liver, and other organs.
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - a rapidly progressing cancer
of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) granulocytes, a
type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow and blood.
acyanotic - refers to a group of congenital heart defects in
which there is a normal amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, giving a pink
color to the lips and nail beds.
allogeneic bone marrow transplantation - a procedure in which a
person receives stem cells from a compatible donor.
allograft - tissue or organ transplanted between genetically
non-identical individuals of the same species (i.e., human to human).
alternative therapy - use of an unproven therapy instead of
standard (proven) therapy.
alveolus - air sac where gas exchange takes place.
analgesic - any drug intended to alleviate pain.
anastomosis - a surgical connection, often between two blood
vessels.
anemia - a blood disorder caused by a deficiency of red blood
cells or hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells).
anesthesia - the loss of feeling or sensation as a result of
medications or gases. General anesthesia causes loss of consciousness.
Local or regional anesthesia numbs only a certain area.
anesthesiologist - a physician who specializes in administering
medications or other agents that prevent or relieve pain, especially
during surgery.
aneurysm - a thin, weakened area in a blood vessel or area of
the heart.
angiography - an x-ray study that uses dye injected into
arteries to study blood circulation.
angioplasty - a non-surgical procedure for treating narrowed
arteries.
antibiotic - a medication used to treat infection.
anticoagulant - a medication that keeps blood from clotting.
antiemetic - a medication that helps prevent and control nausea
and vomiting.
antigen - a substance that can trigger an immune response, such
as a transplant, causing the production of antibodies, a part of the
body's defense mechanism.
antihypertensive - a medication that lowers blood pressure.
aorta - the largest artery in the body and the primary blood
vessel which carries oxygenated blood out of the heart to the rest of the
body.
aortic arch - the curved portion of the aorta (the large blood
vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body).
aortic regurgitation - backwards leakage of blood from the
aorta, through a weakened aortic valve, and into the left ventricle,
resulting in stress in the left heart and inadequate blood flow to the
body.
aortic stenosis - narrowing of the opening of the aortic valve
(the valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle into the
aorta).
aortic valve - the valve that regulates blood flow from the
heart into the aorta.
apex - top portion of the upper lobes of the lungs.
apheresis - a procedure in which a patient's own blood is
removed, particular fluid and cellular elements are extracted from the
blood, then returned to the patient.
aplastic anemia - one type of anemia that occurs when the bone
marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red cells,
white cells, and platelets.
arrhythmia (Also called dysrhythmia.) - a fast, slow, or
irregular heartbeat.
arterioles - small branches of arteries.
arteriosclerosis - commonly called "hardening of the arteries;"
a variety of conditions caused by fatty or calcium deposits in the artery
walls causing them to thicken.
artery - a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart to the body.
ascites - fluid that fills the abdomen when the liver is not
functioning properly.
asplenia - absence of the spleen, either from improper
development before birth, or due to the surgical removal of the spleen
resulting from injury or disease.
atresia - inadequate development of an organ or part of an organ
during pregnancy.
atrial fibrillation - a very fast and irregular beating of the
atria (the upper two chambers of the heart).
atrial flutter - a very fast beating of the atria (the upper two
chambers of the heart).
atrial septal defect (ASD) - a hole in the wall between the
right and left atria (the two upper chambers of the heart).
atrial septum - the wall between the right and left atria (the
two upper chambers of the heart).
atrioventricular block - an interruption of the electrical
signal between the atria and the ventricles.
atrioventricular canal - refers to a congenital heart defect
involving an opening low in the atrial septum, an opening high in the
ventricular septum, and abnormal development of the mitral and/or
tricuspid valves.
atrioventricular node - a cluster of cells between the atria and
ventricles that regulate the electrical current.
atrium (atria pl.) - one of two upper chambers in the heart.
autologous bone marrow transplantation - a procedure in which a
patient's own bone marrow is removed, treated with anticancer drugs or
radiation, then returned to the patient.
autosomal recessive inheritance - a gene on one of the first 22
pairs of chromosomes, which, when present in two copies, causes a trait or
disease to be expressed.
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bacterial endocarditis - a bacterial infection of the valves and
interior surfaces of the heart.
balloon angioplasty - a procedure usually done in the cardiac
catheterization laboratory that uses a catheter (tube) with a balloon in
the tip to open up a narrowed valve or blood vessel.
barium - a liquid used to coat the inside of organs so they will
show up on an x-ray.
base - bottom portion of the lower lobes of the lung, located
just above the diaphragm.
benign - non-cancerous.
beta blocker - a medication that limits the activity of
epinephrine (a hormone that increases blood pressure).
bicuspid - a valve that has two leaflets.
bilateral - affecting both sides.
bile - a digestive fluid made by the liver and stored in the
gallbladder which helps digest fats.
bile ducts - tubes that take bile from the liver to the
gallbladder and small intestine to aid in digestion.
biliary atresia - bile ducts do not have normal openings,
preventing bile from leaving the liver. This causes jaundice (yellowing of
skin or eyes) and liver damage known as cirrhosis. Biliary atresia is a
birth defect.
bilirubin - a normal substance produced when red blood cells
break down and are excreted by the liver. Bilirubin gives bile its
yellow-green color. Too much bilirubin in the blood causes jaundice.
biopsy - a procedure in which tissue samples are removed (with a
needle or during surgery) from the body for examination under a
microscope; to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present.
bladder - a triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower
abdomen that holds urine.
blasts - immature blood cells.
blood- the life-maintaining fluid which is made up of plasma,
red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and
platelets; blood circulates through the body's heart, arteries, veins, and
capillaries; it carries away waste matter and carbon dioxide, and brings
nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat, and
oxygen to the tissues.
blood banking - the process that takes place in the laboratory
to ensure that the donated blood or blood products are safe, before they
are used in blood transfusions and other medical procedures. Blood banking
includes typing and cross matching the blood for transfusion and testing
for infectious diseases.
blood clot - a thick, gelled mass of blood.
blood plasma - the fluid part of blood that contains nutrients,
glucose, proteins, minerals, enzymes, and other substances.
blood pressure - pressure of blood against the walls of a blood
vessel or heart chamber.
blood pressure cuff - a device usually placed around the upper
portion of the arm to measure blood pressure.
bone marrow - the soft, spongy tissue found inside bones. It is
the medium for development and storage of about 95 percent of the body's
blood cells.
bone marrow aspiration and biopsy - the marrow may be removed by
aspiration or a needle biopsy under local anesthesia. In aspiration
biopsy, a fluid specimen, is removed from the bone marrow. In a needle
biopsy, marrow cells (not fluid) are removed. These methods are often used
together.
bone marrow harvest - collection of stem cells with a needle
placed into the soft center of the bone, the marrow.
bone marrow transplant (BMT) - the transfusion of healthy bone
marrow cells into a person after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been
eliminated.
bowel - small and large intestine.
bowel movement - passage of stool (body wastes) from the large
intestine through the rectum and anus.
brady - suffix meaning slow.
bradycardia - abnormally slow heartbeat.
bronchiole - a small airway (subdivision of the bronchus) that
leads to areas of the lung and absorbs oxygen from the air.
bronchiolitis - inflammation that involves the bronchioles
(small airways).
bronchoscopy - a fiberoptic, flexible tube is passed through the
mouth into the bronchi to locate tumors or blockages, and to gather
samples of tissue and/or fluid.
bronchus - one of two large subdivisions of the trachea through
which air passes to and from the lungs.
bundle-branch block - a condition in which the heart's
electrical system is unable to normally conduct the electrical signal.
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calcium channel blocker - a medication that lowers blood
pressure.
cancer cell - a cell that divides and multiplies uncontrollably
and has the potential to spread throughout the body, crowding out normal
cells and tissue.
capillaries - tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins that
distribute oxygen-rich blood to the body.
carbohydrates - one of three main types of foods, along with
proteins and fats; found in breads, cereals, grains, fruits, and
vegetables; changes into a simple sugar called glucose during digestion;
provides the body with a source of energy.
carcinogen - an agent (chemical, physical, or viral) that causes
cancer. Examples include tobacco smoke and asbestos.
cardiac - pertaining to the heart.
cardiac arrest - the stopping of the heartbeat.
cardiac catheterization - a diagnostic procedure in which a
tiny, hollow tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery or vein in order
to evaluate the heart and blood vessels.
cardiac output - total amount of blood being pumped by the heart
over a particular period of time.
cardiologist - a physician who specializes in the medical
evaluation and treatment of heart diseases.
cardiology - the clinical study and practice of treating the
heart.
cardiomyopathy - a disease of the heart muscle that causes it to
lose its pumping strength.
cardiovascular (CV) - pertaining to the heart and blood vessel
(circulatory) system.
cardioversion - the procedure of applying electrical shock to
the chest to change an abnormal heartbeat into a normal one.
carotid artery - the major arteries in the neck that supply
blood to the brain.
catheter - a flexible tube used to drain fluid from or
inject fluid into the body. The most common catheters are the Foley
catheter, used to drain urine from the bladder, and intravenous (IV)
catheters inserted into veins to administer fluids.
cecum - the beginning of the large intestine; attached to the
last section of the small intestine, known as the ileum.
chemotherapy - a medication that can help fight cancer.
child life specialist - a hospital staff member who has special
training in the growth and development of children. A Child Life
Specialist can help your child with play activities, relaxation and pain
management skills, and help meet the educational and emotional needs of
the entire family.
cholangiography - x-rays of the bile ducts.
cholesterol - a substance normally made by the body, but also
found in foods from animal sources, like beef, eggs, and butter. Too much
cholesterol in the body can lead to narrowing and blockage of the
arteries, especially those that feed the heart and keep it healthy. High
cholesterol can also cause the formation of gallstones. Ideally, blood
cholesterol levels should be less than 200mg/dL.
chromosome - structures in our cells that carry genes, the basic
units of heredity. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, one member of each
pair inherited from the mother, the other from the father. Each chromosome
can contain hundreds or thousands of individual genes.
chronic - referring to a disease or disorder that usually
develops slowly and lasts for a long period of time.
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) - a slowly progressing cancer
of the blood in which too many white blood cells are produced in the bone
marrow.
cineangiography - the procedure of taking moving pictures to
show the passage of dye through blood vessels.
circulatory system - pertaining to the heart and blood vessels,
and the circulation of blood.
cirrhosis - a chronic problem makes it hard for the liver to
remove toxins (poisonous substances) from the body. Alcohol, medications,
and other substances may build up in the bloodstream and cause problems.
Cirrhosis is a result of scarring and damage from other diseases, such as
biliary atresia and alcoholism.
closed heart surgery - an operation that repairs problems
involving the blood vessels attached to the heart, and may not need the
use of the heart-lung bypass machine.
clotting - the sealing of a blood vessel with coagulated blood.
coarctation of the aorta - a congenital heart defect that
results in narrowing of the aorta.
collateral vessels - new blood vessels that are created by the
body to provide extra blood flow to an area when the blood vessel(s) that
are already there are too small, narrowed, or blocked.
colon - the large intestine.
colonoscopy - a test using a long, flexible tube with a light
and camera lens at the end, which examines the large intestine.
common bile duct - a tube that moves bile from the liver to the
small intestine.
complete blood count (CBC) - a measurement of size, number, and
maturity of different blood cells in a specific volume of blood.
compliance - fulfillment by the patient of the prescribed orders
of treatment (i.e., taking medications after a transplant).
computed tomography scan (Also called a CT or CAT scan.) - a
diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and
computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called
slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows
detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles,
fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays.
conduction system - the electrical system inside the heart that
stimulates the heart to beat.
congenital - present at birth.
congenital heart defect - a heart problem present at birth,
caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development.
congenital heart disease - see congenital heart defect.
congestive heart failure - a condition in which the heart cannot
pump out all of the blood that enters it, which leads to an accumulation
of blood in the vessels leading to the heart and fluid in the body
tissues. Excess blood in the pulmonary (lung) blood vessels can also
occur, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs.
constrict - tighten; narrow.
coronary arteries - two arteries that come from the aorta to
provide blood to the heart muscle.
corticosteroids - medications that reduce irritation and
inflammation.
culture - a laboratory test that involves the growing of
bacteria or other microorganisms to aid in the diagnosis.
cyanosis - bluish color in the skin because of insufficient
oxygen.
cyanotic - appearing blue, due to insufficient oxygen in the
blood.
cystoscopy (Also called cystourethroscopy.)- an examination in
which a scope, a flexible tube and viewing device, is inserted through the
urethra to examine the bladder and urinary tract for structural
abnormalities or obstructions, such as tumors or stones.
cystourethrogram (Also called a voiding cystogram.) - a specific
x-ray that examines the urinary tract. A catheter (hollow tube) is placed
in the urethra (tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of
the body) and the bladder is filled with a liquid dye. X-ray images will
be taken as the bladder fills and empties. The images will show if there
is any reverse flow of urine into the ureters and kidneys.
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defibrillator - an electronic device used to establish normal
heartbeat.
dehydration - when the bloodstream and the cells of the body
contain less fluid than normal, often due to vomiting or diarrhea. The
body's mineral balance may also be affected.
descending colon - the portion of the large intestine located on
the left side of the body.
dextrocardia - a heart that is "flipped over," so that the
structures that are normally on the right side of the chest are on the
left, and vice versa. The arteries and veins are connected correctly;
occurs due to an abnormality in heart development during pregnancy.
dialysis - a medical procedure to remove wastes and additional
fluid from the blood after the kidneys have stopped functioning.
diaphragm - primary muscle used for respiration, located just
below the lung bases.
diastole - the time during each heartbeat when the ventricles
are at rest, filling with blood and not pumping.
diastolic blood pressure - the lowest blood pressure measure in
the arteries, which occurs between heartbeats.
DiGeorge syndrome (Also known as Shprintzen, velo-cardio-facial, and
22q11.2 deletion syndrome.) - A genetic disease caused by a missing
piece of chromosome material on chromosome #22 that results in many
different health problems, and affects the normal fetal development of the
heart, thymus, and parathyroid glands.
digestion - how the body breaks down food and uses it for
energy, cell repair, and growth. Digestion starts in the mouth, continues
in the stomach and small intestine, and is completed in the large
intestine. The liver and pancreas add enzymes and juices that aid in this
process.
digestive tract - the organs that are involved in digestion,
including the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver,
gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine.
dilate - relax; expand.
distention - swelling or bloating, usually referring to the
abdomen.
diuretic - a medication that helps the kidneys to remove excess
fluids from the body, lowering blood pressure as well as decreasing edema
(swelling).
Doppler ultrasound - A procedure that uses sound waves to
evaluate heart, blood vessels, and valves.
double outlet right ventricle - a congenital heart defect in
which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery are connected to the right
ventricle.
Down syndrome (Also called trisomy 21.) - A combination
of birth defects caused by the presence of an extra #21 chromosome in each
cell of the body. Many children with Down syndrome also have congenital
heart disease - usually atrioventricular canal defect.
ductus arteriosus - a connection between the aorta and the
pulmonary artery that is necessary in fetal life, but becomes unnecessary
after birth.
dyspnea - shortness of breath or a difficulty in breathing.
dysrhythmia (Also called arrhythmia.) - a fast, slow, or
irregular heartbeat.
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Ebstein's anomaly - Abnormal development of the tricuspid valve
during pregnancy, causing an abnormally positioned valve that does not
open easily (stenosis) and allows backflow of blood from the right
ventricle into the right atrium (regurgitation).
echocardiogram (echo) - a procedure that evaluates the structure
and function of the heart by using sound waves recorded on an electronic
sensor which produce a moving picture of the heart and heart valves.
edema - swelling due to the buildup of fluid.
effusion - a collection of fluid in a closed cavity.
ejection fraction - the measurement of the amount of blood
pumped out of the ventricles.
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) - a test that records the
electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or
dysrhythmias), and detects heart muscle damage.
electroencephalogram (EEG) - a procedure that records the
brain's continuous electrical activity by means of electrodes attached to
the scalp.
electrolytes - minerals in the bloodstream and in the cells of
the body, such as sodium (salt), potassium, and calcium. Electrolytes must
remain in proper balance for the body to function normally.
electrophysiological study (EPS) - a cardiac catheterization to
study electrical current in patients who have arrhythmias.
endocarditis - a bacterial infection of the valves and interior
surfaces of the heart.
endocardium - the membrane that covers the inside surface of the
heart.
endoscope - a small, flexible tube with a light and a camera
lens at the end, used to examine the inside of the digestive tract. It can
also be used to take tissue samples for testing from inside the digestive
tract.
endoscopy - a test that uses an endoscope to examine the inside
of part of the digestive tract.
end-stage organ disease - a disease that leads to functional
failure of an organ, such as cardiomyopathy (heart).
end-to-end anastomosis - surgical connection of two segments of
blood vessel by stitching the open end of one segment to the open end of
another segment.
enema - a liquid placed into the rectum to either clear stool
out of the large intestine, or to examine the large intestine with an
x-ray (barium enema).
enlarged heart - a condition of the heart in which it is larger
than normal.
enuresis - involuntary discharge of urine usually during sleep
at night; bedwetting beyond the age when bladder control should have been
established.
eosinophils - a type of white blood cell that can increase in
allergy and other infections.
epicardium - the membrane that covers the outside of the heart.
esophagus - the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
excrete - remove waste from the body.
exercise electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) - a test to assess the
cardiac rhythm and function by having the child exercise on a treadmill or
bicycle.
expiration - exhaling; giving off carbon dioxide.
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factor - a protein in the blood that is needed to form a blood
clot.
fats - one of three main types of foods, along with proteins and
carbohydrates; provides the body with a source of energy; needs bile in
order to be digested properly and utilized for energy.
fibrillation - rapid contractions of the heart muscles.
fluoroscopy - an x-ray procedure that takes continuous pictures
to evaluate moving structures within the body, such as the heart.
flutter - ineffective contractions of the heart muscles.
Fontan procedure - A surgical procedure performed to repair
heart defects in which only one ventricle is functional. It connects the
right atrium to the pulmonary artery, allowing oxygen-poor (blue) blood
from the body to flow into the lungs.
foramen ovale - a hole between the right and left atria, present
in all unborn children, that remains open after birth for variable periods
of time.
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gallbladder - stores bile made by the liver; sends bile into the
small intestine to help digest fats.
gas - air that collects in the stomach and intestines as a
natural result of digesting food; passed out of the body via the rectum or
the mouth.
gastric - related to the stomach.
gastrointestinal - relating to the digestive tract.
gastrointestinal tract (Also called the digestive tract.) - the
parts of the body that break down food into small particles, allowing
nutrients from food to be used for energy and growth: the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and
large intestine.
gene - a segment of DNA that codes for a trait such as blood
type or eye color, as well as susceptibility to certain diseases.
gene therapy - inserting the normal gene into a person, to
replace a non-working or missing gene.
genetic - determined by genes or chromosomes.
Glenn shunt - A surgical connection between the superior vena
cava and the right pulmonary artery, allowing oxygen-poor (blue) blood to
flow into the lungs.
glomerulonephritis - a type of glomerular kidney disease in
which the kidneys' filters become inflamed and scarred, and slowly lose
their ability to remove wastes and excess fluid from the blood to make
urine.
glomerulosclerosis - the term used to describe scarring that
occurs within the kidneys in the small balls of tiny blood vessels called
the glomeruli. The glomeruli assist the kidneys in filtering urine from
the blood.
glucose - a simple sugar made by the body from carbohydrates in
food. Glucose is the body's main source of energy.
graft - transplanted organs, tissues, or cells.
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) - the condition that results
when the immune cells of a transplant (usually of bone marrow) react
against the tissues of the person receiving the transplant.
granulocytes - a type of white blood cells. The different types
of granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
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heart attack (Also called myocardial infarction.) - occurs when
one of more regions of the heart muscle experience a severe or prolonged
decrease in oxygen supply caused by a blocked blood flow to the heart
muscle.
heart block - interrupted electrical impulse to heart muscles.
heartbeat - one complete contraction of the heart.
heart-lung bypass machine - a machine that performs for the
heart and lungs during open heart surgery.
heart valve prolapse - a condition of the heart valve in which
it is partially open when it should be closed.
hematocrit - the measurement of the percentage of red blood
cells found in a specific volume of blood.
hematologist - a physician who specializes in the functions and
disorders of the blood.
hematology - the scientific study of blood and blood-forming
tissues.
hematopoiesis - the process of producing and developing new
blood cells.
hematuria - the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
hemoglobin - a type of protein in the red blood cells that
carries oxygen to the tissues of the body.
hemoglobin S-beta thalassemia - having one copy of the gene
which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one copy of a mutated gene in
the beta-chain of hemoglobin; this blood disorder produces a moderate
anemia and some symptoms similar to sickle cell anemia.
hemolytic anemia - one type of anemia in which the red blood
cells are destroyed prematurely.
hemolytic uremic syndrome - a rare kidney disorder that mostly
affects children under the age of 10. It is often characterized by damage
to the lining of blood vessel walls, destruction of red blood cells,
and/or kidney failure.
hemophilia (Also called a coagulation disorder.) - an inherited
bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein
that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the
blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency
of factor IX.
hemorrhagic anemia - anemia caused by a sudden loss of a large
amount of blood.
hepatic - relating to the liver.
hepatitis - inflammation of the liver that sometimes causes
permanent damage; caused by viruses, drugs, alcohol, or parasites.
Hepatitis has the following forms:
hepatitis A - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the
hepatitis A virus. The virus may be spread by fecal-oral contact,
fecal-infected food or water, and may also be spread by a blood-borne
infection (which is rare).
hepatitis B - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the
hepatitis B virus. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus occurs
through blood and body fluid exposure such as blood, semen, vaginal
secretions, or saliva.
hepatitis C - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the
hepatitis C virus. Transmission of the hepatitis C virus occurs
primarily from contact with infected blood, but can also occur from
sexual contact or from an infected mother to her baby.
hepatitis D - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the
hepatitis (Delta) virus. This form of hepatitis can only occur in the
presence of hepatitis B. Transmission of hepatitis D occurs the same
way as hepatitis B.
hepatitis E - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the
hepatitis E virus. This form of hepatitis is similar to hepatitis A.
Transmission occurs through fecal-oral contamination. Hepatitis E is
most common in poorly developed countries and is rarely seen in the
US.
hepatitis G - the newest form of infectious hepatitis.
Transmission is believed to occur through blood and is seen in IV drug
users, individuals with clotting disorders, such as hemophilia, and
individuals who require hemodialysis for renal failure.
hepatoblastoma - cancer that originates in the liver.
high density lipoprotein (HDL) - the "good" cholesterol that
promotes breakdown and removal of cholesterol from the body.
Holter monitor - A portable EKG machine worn for a 24-hour
period or longer to evaluate irregular, fast, or slow heart rhythms while
engaging in normal activities.
homograft - a blood vessel taken from a tissue donor, used to
replace a defective blood vessel, most often the pulmonary artery or
aorta.
hyperbilirubinemia - too much bilirubin in the bloodstream, due
to liver problems; causes a yellow color of the skin known as jaundice.
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (Also called HOCM,
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, asymmetrical septal hypertrophy, or ASH, or
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, or IHSS.) -enlarged heart
muscle that causes impeded blood flow.
hypoplastic - refers to an abnormally small organ or blood
vessel due to abnormal development prior to birth.
hypoplastic left heart syndrome - a congenital heart defect in
which the left side of the heart is poorly developed, resulting in small
mitral valve, left ventricle, and aorta.
hypotension -low blood pressure.
hypoxia - abnormal oxygen content in the organs and tissues of
the body.
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IgE antibody - One of the antibodies made by the body found
mostly in the skin, nose, lining of the airways, and lungs; involved in
allergic reactions.
ileum - the lower end of the small intestine.
imaging studies - methods used to produce a picture of internal
body structures. Some imaging methods include x-rays, CT scans, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound.
immune system - the system composed of lymph fluid, lymph nodes,
the lymphatic system, and white blood cells that are responsible for
protecting the body against infection and disease.
immunosuppression - a state in which the ability of the body's
immune system to respond is decreased. This condition may be present at
birth, or it may be caused by certain infections (such as human
immunodeficiency virus, or HIV), or by certain cancer therapies, such as
cancer cell killing (cytotoxic) drugs, radiation, and bone marrow
transplantation.
immunosuppressive medications - medications that suppress the
body's immune system; used to minimize rejection of transplanted organs.
immunotherapy - treatments that promote or support the body's
immune system response to a disease such as cancer.
incision - a cut made with a surgical instrument during an
operation.
indigestion - feeling of nausea, bloating, gas, and/or heartburn
caused by poor digestion.
infection - the invasion of the body by microorganisms that
cause disease.
inferior vena cava - the large blood vessel (vein) that returns
blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart.
informed consent - a legal document that explains a course of
treatment, the risks, benefits, and possible alternatives; the process by
which patients agree to treatment.
inspiration - inhaling; taking in oxygen.
insufficiency - a valve deformity that allows the blood to leak
backwards when the valve is closed.
intestine - digestive organs found in the abdomen, also known as
either the large or small bowel. The small intestine removes nutrients
from food to be used for energy, while the large intestine absorbs water
from the digested food and processes it into stool.
intravenous gamma globulin (IVGG) -a protein that contains many
antibodies and slows destruction of platelets.
intravenous (IV) line - a thin, plastic tube inserted into a
vein (usually in the patient's forearm) through which a volume of fluid is
injected into the bloodstream.
intravenous pyelogram (IVP) - a series of x-rays of the kidney,
ureters, and bladder with the injection of a contrast dye into the vein -
to detect tumors, abnormalities, kidney stones, or any obstructions, and
to assess renal blood flow.
iron deficiency anemia - the most common type of anemia. It is
the lack of iron in the blood, which is necessary to make hemoglobin.
ischemia - decreased flow of oxygenated blood to an organ due to
obstruction in an artery.
ischemic heart disease - coronary artery disease or coronary
heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries and decreased
blood flow to the heart.
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jaundice -a yellow color of the skin and eyes that is caused by
too much bilirubin in the bloodstream.
jejunum - the middle section of the small intestine.
jugular veins - veins that carry blood from the head back to the
heart.
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Kawasaki disease - An immune system disorder affecting the
heart, particularly the coronary arteries.
kidney transplantation - a procedure that places a healthy
kidney from one person into a recipient's body.
kidneys - a pair of bean-shaped organs located below the ribs
toward the middle of the back.
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laparoscope - a tube with a light and a camera lens at the end
to examine organs and check for abnormalities.
laparoscopy - a procedure that uses a tube with a light and a
camera lens at the end (laparoscope) to examine organs, check for
abnormalities, or perform minimally invasive surgeries. Laparoscopy is a
surgery which avoids making large incisions. Tissue samples may also be
taken for examination and testing.
large intestine (Also called the colon.) - The last section of
the digestive tract, from the cecum to the rectum; absorbs water from
digested food and processes it into stool.
larynx (Also called voice box.) - a cylindrical grouping of
cartilage, muscles, and soft tissue which contains the vocal cords. The
vocal cords are the upper opening into the windpipe (trachea), the
passageway to the lungs.
left atrium - the upper left-hand chamber of the heart. The left
atrium receives oxygen-rich (red) blood from the lungs via the four
pulmonary veins, and then sends this blood to the left ventricle.
left ventricle - the lower left-hand chamber of the heart. The
left ventricle receives oxygen-rich (red) blood from the left atrium and
pumps it into the aorta, which takes the blood to the body. The left
ventricle must be strong and muscular in order to pump enough blood to the
body to meet its requirements.
leukemia - a cancer of the blood-forming tissue. Leukemic cells
look different than normal cells and do not function properly.
lipid - a fatty substance in the blood.
lipoproteins - transporters of fatty substances in the blood.
liver - a digestive organ located on the right side of the
abdomen, under the ribs; has many important functions, including storing
and helping make blood, making bile (which aids in the digestion of fats
in the food we eat), processing medicines and removing toxins from the
bloodstream, and changing food and fats stored in our bodies into energy.
liver function tests - blood tests that indicate how well the
liver is working.
lobectomy - removal of an entire lobe of the lung.
low density lipoprotein (LDL) - the primary cholesterol-carrying
substance in the body. In large amounts, it accumulates inside arteries.
lower GI series - a study that looks at the rectum, the large
intestine, and the lower part of the small intestine. A fluid called
barium that shows up well on x-rays is given into the rectum as an enema.
X-rays of the abdomen shows strictures (narrowed areas), obstructions
(blockages), and other problems.
lumen - the hollow area inside a blood vessel.
lung volume - the amount of air the lungs hold.
lymph - part of the lymphatic system; a thin, clear fluid that
circulates through the lymphatic vessels and carries blood cells that
fight infection and disease.
lymph nodes - part of the lymphatic system; bean-shaped organs,
found in the underarm, groin, neck, and abdomen, that act as filters for
the lymph fluid as it passes through them.
lymph vessels - part of the lymphatic system; thin tubes that
carry lymph fluid throughout the body.
lymphatic system - part of the immune system; includes lymph,
ducts, organs, lymph vessels, lymphocytes, and lymph nodes, whose function
is to produce and carry white blood cells to fight disease and infection.
lymphocytes - part of the lymphatic system; white blood cells
that fight infection and disease.
lymphocytic leukemia - a type of leukemia in which the cancer
develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells).
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- a diagnostic procedure that
uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to
produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
malignant - a term used to describe cancerous tumors which tend
to grow rapidly, can invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and can
spread.
Marfan syndrome - A genetic disorder which affects the
connective tissue of the body. It causes dilation of blood vessels and
abnormalities of cardiac valves.
mechanical valve - an artificial valve used to replace a
diseased or defective valve, most often the aortic valve.
median sternotomy - an incision in the center of the chest, from
the top to the bottom of the breastbone, used for many congenital heart
defect repair surgeries.
megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia - a rare blood disorder in
which the body does not absorb enough vitamin B-12 from the digestive
tract, resulting in an inadequate amount of red blood cells (RBCs)
produced.
metastasis - the spread of tumor cell in other areas of the
body.
mitral valve - the valve that controls blood flow between the
left atrium and left ventricle in the heart.
mitral valve prolapse - an abnormality of the valve between the
left atrium and left ventricle of the heart that causes backward flow of
blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
monounsaturated fats - dietary fats, such as olive oil or canola
oil, that may lower LDL cholesterol levels.
mucositis - inflammation of the mouth and gastrointestinal
tract.
murmur - a blowing or rasping sound heard while listening to the
heart that may or may not indicate problems within the heart or
circulatory system.
mutation - a change in a gene.
myelogenous leukemia - a type of leukemia in which the cancer
develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells).
myelogram - an x-ray of the spine, similar to an angiogram.
myeloproliferative disorders - diseases in which the bone marrow
produces too many of one of the three types of blood cells: red blood
cells, which carry oxygen to all the tissues in the body; white
blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which causes
blood to clot.
myocardial infarction (Also called heart attack.) - occurs when
one of more regions of the heart muscle experience a severe or prolonged
decrease in oxygen supply caused by a blocked blood flow to the heart
muscle.
myocardial ischemia - insufficient blood flow to part of the
heart.
myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscles.
myocardium - the muscular layer of the heart.
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nephrectomy-surgery to remove the kidney; the most common
treatment for kidney cancer.
nephrologist - a physician who specializes in diseases of the
kidneys.
nephrology - the medical specialty concerned with diseases of
the kidneys.
nephrotic syndrome - a condition characterized by high levels of
protein in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, tissue swelling,
and high cholesterol.
neuroblastoma - cancer occurring in the nerve cells.
neurosurgeon - a physician specializing in operations to treat
disorders of the nervous system.
noninvasive procedure - a diagnostic effort or treatment that
does not require entering the body or puncturing the skin.
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occluded artery - an artery that is narrowed by plaque that
impedes blood flow.
oncologist - a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and
treatment of cancer.
oncology - the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis
and treatment of cancer.
open heart surgery - surgery that involves opening the chest and
heart while a heart-lung machine performs for the heart and lungs during
the operation.
oxygen desaturation - insufficient amounts of oxygen in the
bloodstream. Desaturation can occur when oxygen-poor (blue) blood from the
right side of the heart circulation mixes with oxygen-rich (red) blood in
the left side of the heart circulation and goes to the body. Normal oxygen
saturation in the arteries is 95 to 100 percent.
oxygen saturation - the extent to which the hemoglobin is
saturated with oxygen. (Hemoglobin is an element in the bloodstream that
binds with oxygen and carries it to the organs and tissues of the body.) A
normal oxygen saturation of the blood leaving the heart to the body is 95
to 100 percent. The oxygen saturation of the blood returning to the heart
after delivering oxygen to the body is 75 percent.
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pacemaker - an electronic device that is surgically placed in
the patient's body and connected to the heart to regulate the heartbeat.
pain specialist - oncologists, neurologists, anesthesiologists,
neurosurgeons, and other physicians, nurses, or pharmacists who are
experts in pain. A team of healthcare professionals may also be available
to address issues of pain control.
palpitation - sensation of rapid heartbeats.
pancreas - an organ located underneath the stomach that produces
enzymes that aid in digestion, and also produces hormones such as insulin,
which helps the body use sugar for energy.
parenteral nutrition - a means of providing protein, fats,
carbohydrates, fluid, and vitamins to the body through a special solution
given through a vein into the bloodstream.
patent - open.
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - a blood vessel present in all
infants that usually closes shortly after birth. It connects the aorta to
the pulmonary artery. When it remains open, it allows extra blood to pass
through from the aorta to the lungs.
patent foramen ovale - an opening in the atrial septum (wall
between the right and left atria) that is present in all infants, but
which usually closes shortly after birth. When it remains open, it allows
extra blood to pass through the opening from the left atrium to the right
atrium.
pathologist - a physician who specializes in diagnosis and
classification of diseases by laboratory tests such as examination of
tissue and cells under a microscope. The pathologist determines whether a
tumor is benign or cancerous and, if cancerous, the exact cell type and
grade.
pediatric gastroenterologist - a physician who treats infants
and children with diseases of the digestive system.
pediatric oncologist - a physician who specializes in cancers of
children.
pediatrician - a physician who specializes in the care of
children.
percutaneous - through the skin.
perforation - a hole in the wall of an organ.
perfusion - flow.
pericardial effusion - a build-up of excess fluid in-between the
heart and the membrane that surrounds it, often due to inflammation.
pericardiocentesis - a diagnostic procedure that uses a needle
to draw fluid from the pericardium.
pericarditis - an inflammation or infection of the sac which
surrounds the heart.
pericardium - the membrane that surrounds the heart.
peripheral blood stem cell collection - stem cells are collected
from the circulating cells in the blood.
peritonitis - an infection inside the abdominal cavity.
petechia -tiny red dots under the skin that are the result of
very small bleeds.
pharynx - the throat.
physical therapist - a health professional who uses exercises
and other methods to restore or maintain the body's strength, mobility,
and function.
plaque - deposits of fat or other substances attached to the
artery wall.
plasma - the watery, liquid part of the blood in which the red
blood cells, the white blood cells, and platelets are suspended.
platelets - cells found in the blood that are needed to help the
blood to clot in order to control bleeding; often used in the treatment of
leukemia and other forms of cancer.
pleura - membrane that covers the outside of the lung.
pluripotent stem cell - the most primitive, undeveloped blood
cell.
pneumonectomy - removal of an entire lung.
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - a genetic disorder
characterized by the growth of numerous cysts filled with fluid in the
kidneys.
polyunsaturated fat - a type of fat found in vegetable oils and
margarines that does not appear to raise blood cholesterol levels.
portal hypertension - high blood pressure in the portal vein
that carries blood to the liver.
portal vein - the large vein that carries blood to the liver
from the spleen and intestines.
post-anesthesia care unit (Also called recovery room.) -
the area a patient is brought to after surgery to recover.
post-pericardiotomy syndrome - a build-up of excess fluid
in-between the heart and the membrane that surrounds it, often due to
inflammation after open heart surgery. ("Post" means after, and
"pericardiotomy" means opening the membrane around the heart for open
heart surgery.)
premature atrial contraction (PAC) - an early heartbeat started
by the atria.
premature ventricular contraction (PVC) - an early heartbeat
started by the ventricles.
prognosis - a prediction of the course of disease; the outlook
for the cure of the patient.
prophylaxis - prevention.
prostaglandin E1 - an intravenous medication used to keep a
patent ductus arteriosus from closing and preserve blood flow to the
lungs.
proteinuria - large amounts of protein in the urine.
protocol - a formal outline or plan, such as a description of
what treatments a patient will receive and exactly when each should be
given.
pulmonary - pertaining to the lungs and respiratory system.
pulmonary artery - blood vessel delivering oxygen-poor blood
from the right ventricle to the lungs.
pulmonary edema - a condition in which there is fluid
accumulation in the lungs caused by an incorrectly functioning heart.
pulmonary hypertension - abnormally high blood pressure in the
arteries of the lungs.
pulmonary valve - the heart valve located between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery that controls blood flow to the lungs.
pulmonary vein - the vessel that carries oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the left side of the heart.
pulse oximeter - a device that measures the amount of oxygen in
the blood. Normal oxygen saturation in the arteries is 95 to 100 percent.
pulse oximetry - a device used to measure the amount of oxygen
in the blood.
purpura -the purple color of skin after blood has "leaked" under
it, such as in a bruise.
pylorus - where the stomach connects to the small intestine.
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radiation therapist - a professional specially trained to
operate equipment that delivers radiation therapy.
radioisotope - a radioactive material injected into the body so
that a nuclear scanner can make pictures.
radiologist - a physician with special training in diagnosing
diseases by interpreting x-rays and other types of imaging studies (i.e.,
CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging).
rectum - the lower end of the large intestine.
red blood cells (Also called RBCs or erythrocytes.) - blood
cells that mainly help transport oxygen to all the tissues in the body.
regimen - a strict, regulated plan (such as diet, exercise, or
other activity) designed to reach certain goals. In cancer treatment, a
plan to treat cancer.
regurgitation - backward flow of blood caused by a defective
heart valve.
rejection - an immune system response to transplanted tissues or
organs.
renal - pertaining to the kidneys.
renal angiography (Also called renal arteriography.) - a series
of x-rays of the renal blood vessels with the injection of a contrast dye
into a catheter, which is placed into the blood vessels of the kidney, to
detect any signs of blockage or abnormalities affecting the blood supply
to the kidneys.
renal ultrasound - a non-invasive test in which a transducer is
passed over the kidney producing sound waves which bounce off of the
kidney, transmitting a picture of the organ on a video screen. The test is
used to determine the size and shape of the kidney, and to detect a mass,
kidney stone, cyst, or other obstruction or abnormalities.
respiration - gas exchange from air to the blood and from the
blood to the body cells.
rheumatic fever - a disease caused by a strep infection that may
damage the heart valves.
right atrium - the upper right chamber of the heart, which
receives oxygen-poor (blue) blood from the body and sends it to the right
ventricle.
right ventricle - the lower right chamber of the heart, which
receives oxygen-poor (blue) blood from the right atrium and sends it to
the pulmonary artery.
risk factor - anything that increases a person's chance of
developing a disease, such as cancer.
Ross procedure - A surgical procedure performed to repair aortic
stenosis. The child's own pulmonary valve and base of the pulmonary artery
(autograft) replace the defective aorta, while a homograft (blood vessel
from a tissue donor) replaces the pulmonary valve and base of the
pulmonary artery.
rubella - an illness that can cause birth defects, including
congenital heart disease, if a woman contracts it for the first time
during pregnancy; can be prevented by immunization with the MMR vaccine.
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saline solution - a solution containing sodium chloride.
sarcoma - a malignant tumor growing from connective tissues,
such as cartilage, fat, muscle, or bone.
saturated fat - fat that is found in foods from animal meats and
skin, dairy products, and some vegetables. Saturated fats are usually
solid at room temperatures and can increase LDL levels.
septal defect - a hole in the wall between the atria or the
ventricles (upper or lower heart chambers).
septum - the muscle wall between the atria or ventricles (upper
or lower heart chambers).
shunt - a connector to allow blood flow between two locations.
sickle cell anemia - an inherited blood disorder characterized
by defective hemoglobin, where there are two copies of an abnormal
hemoglobin gene present (HbSS).
sickle cell - hemoglobin C disease - having one copy of the gene
which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one copy of another altered
hemoglobin gene (HbC); this blood disorder is similar to sickle cell
anemia.
sickle cell - hemoglobin E disease - having one copy of the gene
which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one copy of another altered
hemoglobin gene (HbE); this blood disorder may/may not cause symptoms
except under stress (exhaustion, infection, etc.).
sickle cell trait -having one copy of the gene which causes
sickle cell anemia (HbS), and one copy of the normal hemoglobin gene.
sickle crisis (Also called pain crisis or vasoocclusive crisis.)
-in sickle cell diseases, the pain that occurs when the flow of blood is
blocked to an area because the sickled cells are stuck in a blood vessel.
side effects - unwanted effects of treatment such as hair loss
caused by chemotherapy and fatigue caused by radiation therapy.
sigmoid colon - the lower part of the large intestine that
empties into the rectum.
sinus node - the cells that produce the electrical impulses that
cause the heart to contract.
sinus rhythm - a normal heart rhythm in which each heartbeat
originates in the sinus node, and proceeds through the rest of the
electrical conduction system normally.
sinus tachycardia - a heart rhythm that originates in the sinus
node and proceeds through the rest of the electrical conduction system,
but is faster than normal.
small intestine - the section of the digestive tract between the
stomach and the large intestine. Most of digestion occurs here as
nutrients are absorbed from food.
smooth muscle - muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as
constricting blood vessels.
sphincter muscles -circular muscles that help keep urine from
leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the
bladder.
sphygmomanometer - an instrument used to measure blood pressure.
spinal tap (Also called a lumbar puncture.) - a special needle
is placed into the lower back, into the spinal canal. This is the area
around the spinal cord. The pressure in the spinal canal and brain can
then be measured. A small amount of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) can be
removed and sent for testing to determine if there is an infection or
other problems. CSF is the fluid that bathes your child's brain and spinal
cord.
spirogram - record of the amounts of air being moved in and out
of the lungs.
spleen - an organ found on the left side of the abdomen, next to
the stomach. Makes white blood cells that help fight infection and filters
and cleanses the blood.
stem cells - the blood cells that produce other blood cells. It
is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplantation.
stenosis - narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or valve
in the heart.
stent - a device implanted in a vessel used to help keep it
open.
sternotomy - a surgical incision made in the breastbone.
sternum - the breastbone.
stethoscope - an instrument used to listen to the heart and
other sounds in the body.
stress - mental or physical tension that results from physical,
emotional, or chemical causes.
stridor - a high-pitched sound heard best on inspiration.
stroke - the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain.
subclavian - a blood vessel that branches from the aorta and
takes oxygen-rich (red) blood to the head and arms.
superior vena cava - the large vein that returns blood to the
heart from the head and arms.
supraventricular tachycardia - a fast heart rate that originates
in the aorta, but does not start in the sinus node.
syncope - light-headedness or fainting caused by insufficient
blood supply to the brain.
syngeneic bone marrow transplantation - an allogeneic transplant
from an identical twin.
systemic - relating to a process that affects the body
generally.
systole - the time during the heartbeat when the ventricles are
pumping blood, either to the lungs or to the body.
systolic blood pressure - the highest blood pressure measured in
the arteries.
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tachycardia - rapid heartbeat.
tachypnea - rapid breathing.
tamponade - an emergency situation that occurs when blood or
fluid fills the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, preventing the
heart from beating effectively.
telemetry unit - a small box with wires attached to EKG patches
on the chest; used to send information about the heartbeat via radio
transmission to healthcare professionals for evaluation.
tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) - a group of congenital heart defects,
including a ventricular septal defect, obstruction to blood flow out of
the right ventricle to the lungs, and an aorta that is shifted to the
right. Enlargement of the right ventricle occurs as the right ventricle
copes with obstruction to blood flow.
thalassemia -an inherited blood disorder in which the chains of
the hemoglobin (a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
to the tissues) molecule are abnormal; alpha thalassemia is where a
mutation occurs in the alpha chain, while beta thalassemia is where the
mutation occurs in the beta chain; signs and symptoms of thalassemias vary
from mild (little to no symptoms) to severe (life-threatening).
thoracotomy - an incision made on the right or left side of the
chest between the ribs, in order to access the heart or lungs during
surgery.
total parenteral nutrition - see parenteral nutrition.
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) - a diagnostic test that
uses a long tube guided into the mouth, throat, and esophagus to evaluate
the structures inside the heart with sound waves.
transplantation - to transfer organs, tissues, or cells form one
person to another or from one area of the body to another, in order to
replace a diseased structure and to restore function.
transposition of the great arteries (Also called transposition of
the great vessels.) - a congenital heart defect involving abnormal
development of the great arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery)
during the time the heart is forming prior to birth. The aorta ends up
being connected to the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery is
connected to the left ventricle, which is the opposite of how they are
normally connected.
tricuspid atresia - a congenital heart defect in which the
tricuspid valve and right ventricle do not develop properly, preventing
oxygen-poor (blue) blood from reaching the lungs via its normal pathway.
tricuspid valve - the heart valve that controls blood flow from
the right atrium into the right ventricle.
triglyceride - a fat-like substance found in the blood.
trisomy 21 (Also called Down syndrome.) - the presence of three
#21 chromosomes in each cell of the body, rather than the usual pair,
which causes the features otherwise known as Down syndrome. Many children
with Down syndrome also have congenital heart disease - usually
atrioventricular canal defect.
truncus arteriosus - a congenital heart defect involving
incomplete separation of the great arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary
artery) during the time the heart is forming prior to birth.
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ultrasound (Also called sonography.) - a diagnostic imaging
technique which uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create
images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Ultrasounds are used to view
internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various
vessels.
umbilical cord blood transplant - a bone marrow transplant using
stem cells from cord blood.
unilateral - affecting one side of the body. For example,
unilateral kidney cancer occurs in one kidney only.
United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) - A nonprofit,
charitable organization that maintains the nation's organ transplant
waiting list under contract with the Health Resources and Services
Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services. UNOS
also helps to develop organ transplantation policies.
upper GI series - a test that looks at the organs of the upper
part of the digestive system: the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (upper
small intestine). A liquid that shows up well on x-rays called barium is
swallowed. X-rays are then taken to evaluate the digestive organs.
urea - the nitrogen part of urine produced from the breakdown of
protein.
ureteroscope - an optical device which is inserted into the
urethra and passed up through the bladder to the ureter; to inspect the
opening of the ureters.
ureters - two narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to
the bladder.
urethra - narrow channel through which urine passes from the
bladder out of the body.
urethritis - infection limited to the urethra.
urinalysis - laboratory examination of urine for various cells
and chemicals, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, infection, or
excessive protein.
urinary incontinence - loss of bladder control.
urinary tract infection - an infection that occurs in the
urinary tract; often caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli. A
urinary tract infection often causes frequent urination, pain, burning
when urinating, and blood in the urine.
urogenital - refers to the urinary and reproductive systems.
urologist - a physician who specializes in treating problems of
the urinary tract in males and females.
urology - the branch of
medicine concerned with the urinary tract in both genders, and with the
genital tract or reproductive system in the male.
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valves - the "doors" between the chambers of the heart that
allow blood to move forward and prevent it from moving backward. The heart
valves are called tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic.
valvuloplasty - surgical repair of a heart valve for relief of
stenosis or incompetence.
vascular - pertaining to blood vessels.
vasodilator - a medication that dilates or widens the opening in
a blood vessel.
vasopressor - a medication that raises blood pressure.
vasovagal syndrome - a sudden drop in blood pressure, with or
without a decrease in heart rate, that is caused by a dysfunction of the
nerves controlling the heart and blood vessels.
vein - a blood vessel that carries blood from the body back into
the heart.
ventilation - movement of air (gases) in and out of the lungs.
ventricle - one of the two pumping chambers of the heart; right
ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to
the lungs through the pulmonary artery; left ventricle receives
oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through
the aorta.
ventricular fibrillation - a condition in which the ventricles
contract in rapid and unsynchronized rhythms and cannot pump blood into
the body.
ventricular septal defect - an abnormal opening in the wall
between the right and left ventricles.
ventricular tachycardia - a condition in which the ventricles
beat very quickly.
vertigo - dizziness.
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) - the abnormal flow of urine from
the bladder back into the ureters; often as a result of a urinary tract
infection or birth defect.
vomiting - the release of stomach contents through the mouth;
also known as throwing-up.
von Willebrand disease -a form of hemophilia caused by an
abnormality in the von Willebrand factor, which is necessary for platelets
to be able to attach themselves to a vein or artery to form a clot to stop
bleeding.
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white blood cells (Also called leukocytes or WBCs.) - blood
cells involved in the destruction of viruses, bacteria, and fungi which
cause infection.
Wilms tumor - A cancerous tumor originating in the cells of the
kidney.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - An extra electrical pathway
that connects the atria and ventricles and causes rapid heartbeat.
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x-ray - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic
energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto
film.
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